Asset Management in Nonprofits: What Every CPA Candidate Should Know

Asset Management in Nonprofits

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Introduction

Importance of Asset Management in Nonprofits

In this article, we’ll cover asset management in nonprofits. Asset management is a critical function within nonprofit organizations, serving as the backbone of financial stability and operational effectiveness. Unlike for-profit entities, nonprofits operate under a unique mandate to fulfill their mission while managing funds that often come with strict donor stipulations and regulatory requirements. Effective asset management ensures that these organizations can sustain their programs over the long term, maximize the impact of donations, and maintain the trust of stakeholders.

For nonprofits, asset management encompasses more than just overseeing financial investments; it involves managing a wide range of resources from physical assets like property and equipment to intangible assets such as grants and goodwill. Each asset must be carefully accounted for, managed, and leveraged to support the nonprofit’s mission and strategic goals. This management includes planning for future needs, optimizing current resources, and ensuring compliance with financial and legal standards. The challenge lies in doing so within the often tight budget constraints typical of the nonprofit sector, making the role of skilled asset managers crucial to an organization’s success.

Overview of the Role of CPAs in Nonprofit Asset Management

Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) play a pivotal role in the asset management of nonprofit organizations. Their expertise in accounting and finance positions them uniquely to address the complex needs of this sector. CPAs help ensure the accuracy and integrity of financial reporting, which is vital for maintaining accountability and transparency—a cornerstone of nonprofit operations. They are involved in crafting financial strategies that align with the organization’s goals while adhering to the stringent regulatory environment that governs nonprofit activities.

In asset management, CPAs are tasked with several critical responsibilities:

  • Financial Oversight: They oversee the financial reporting processes to ensure that they meet the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and specific standards like the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) requirements for nonprofits.
  • Compliance and Regulations: CPAs ensure that nonprofits comply with federal, state, and local regulations, including those related to taxes and financial disclosures. This includes managing audits and preparing financial statements that accurately reflect the organization’s financial status.
  • Resource Allocation: They advise on the effective use of assets, helping to allocate resources in a manner that maximizes impact and efficiency. This often involves budget management, financial forecasting, and scenario planning.
  • Risk Management: CPAs assess and mitigate risks associated with financial operations and asset management, ensuring that internal controls are robust and that financial practices are sound.

By combining their accounting skills with an understanding of the unique landscape of the nonprofit sector, CPAs help these organizations navigate the complexities of asset management, contributing to their sustainability and effectiveness in achieving their missions. Their role is not just about keeping the books in order but about shaping the financial practices that support the strategic vision of the nonprofit. Through this vital work, CPAs ensure that nonprofits are not only compliant and efficient but also poised for future growth and success.

Understanding Nonprofit Organizations

Definition and Characteristics of Nonprofit Organizations

Nonprofit organizations are entities that are dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a shared point of interest. Unlike for-profit corporations that exist to generate profits for their owners, nonprofits aim to serve the public interest through various means, including education, charity, religious, scientific, and cultural pursuits. These organizations are granted tax-exempt status due to their public service objectives, meaning they are not required to pay income tax on the money they receive. However, they must adhere strictly to the purpose outlined in their mission and are expected to reinvest any surplus revenues back into their organizational goals.

The defining characteristics of nonprofits include:

  • Mission-driven: The primary goal is to serve the public good rather than to make a profit.
  • Tax-exempt status: Most are exempt from federal and state income taxes.
  • Governance structure: Typically governed by a board of directors or trustees who volunteer their time.
  • Funding sources: Funded through donations, grants, and other non-commercial means.
  • Volunteer involvement: Heavily reliant on volunteers to carry out their missions and daily activities.

Types of Assets Commonly Held by Nonprofits

Nonprofit organizations manage a diverse portfolio of assets to support their operations and activities. These assets can be broadly categorized into the following types:

  • Financial assets: Includes cash reserves, investments, endowments, and accounts receivable from pledges.
  • Fixed assets: Comprises physical properties like buildings, land, and equipment used in the operation of the nonprofit.
  • Intangible assets: Encompasses intellectual property (such as copyrights, trademarks), goodwill generated from community relationships, and brand reputation.
  • Restricted assets: Often received in the form of donations or grants that are restricted by donors for specific purposes or projects.

Each type of asset requires different management strategies and accounting treatments, which underscores the importance of tailored asset management approaches in the nonprofit sector.

Legal and Financial Framework Governing Nonprofits

The legal and financial framework governing nonprofit organizations is designed to ensure that these entities operate transparently and in alignment with their public service missions. This framework includes:

  • Internal Revenue Code: Nonprofits must comply with the IRS regulations to maintain their tax-exempt status, including restrictions on political activities and the requirement to file annual returns (Form 990).
  • State regulations: Nonprofits must also adhere to state-specific laws, which can include registering with a state charity official, annual reporting, and compliance audits.
  • Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP): These standards guide the preparation of financial statements. Nonprofits must follow specific FASB standards that address how to report contributions, classify net assets, and handle donor-restricted funds.
  • Audits: External audits are often required to ensure the accuracy of financial reporting and to maintain accountability to donors and the public.

Understanding these assets and the regulatory environment is crucial for anyone involved in managing or auditing nonprofits. This knowledge ensures that organizations not only comply with legal requirements but also manage their resources effectively to maximize their impact on the communities they serve.

Key Principles of Asset Management in Nonprofits

Objectives of Asset Management in a Nonprofit Context

Asset management in the nonprofit sector is guided by a set of objectives that reflect the unique mission-driven nature of these organizations. The primary aim is to ensure that all resources are used efficiently and effectively to support the organization’s mission and long-term sustainability. Key objectives include:

  • Resource Optimization: Maximizing the use of financial, physical, and intangible assets to enhance the organization’s capabilities to serve its community.
  • Financial Stability: Building and maintaining adequate reserves to ensure financial health and operational continuity under varying economic conditions.
  • Compliance and Risk Management: Ensuring all activities comply with legal and financial regulations, and implementing strategies to mitigate risks associated with asset management.
  • Mission Alignment: Aligning all asset management activities with the nonprofit’s mission to ensure that resources are not diverted away from the organization’s core purpose.

Challenges Unique to Nonprofits in Asset Management

Managing assets in a nonprofit context presents several challenges that are not typically encountered in the for-profit sector. These include:

  • Funding Restrictions: Many assets in nonprofits are tied to specific donor restrictions that limit their use, making flexible management difficult.
  • Resource Fluctuations: Nonprofits often experience significant fluctuations in funding, which can complicate long-term financial planning and asset allocation.
  • Dependence on Volatile Funding Sources: Reliance on donations, grants, and fundraising can lead to financial instability, affecting asset management decisions.
  • Lack of Access to Capital Markets: Nonprofits have limited or no access to traditional forms of raising capital, which can hinder their ability to invest in or expand necessary assets.

Role of Transparency and Accountability

Transparency and accountability are foundational principles in nonprofit asset management. These principles not only foster trust among donors, volunteers, and beneficiaries but also enhance the organization’s credibility and sustainability. Key aspects include:

  • Transparent Reporting: Regularly providing detailed and clear financial statements and reports that show how assets are managed and expended.
  • Accountability to Stakeholders: Nonprofits are accountable to a broad group of stakeholders, including donors, grantmakers, beneficiaries, and regulatory bodies. This accountability involves demonstrating that the organization’s asset management practices align with its mission and comply with all relevant regulations.
  • Ethical Management Practices: Implementing ethical practices in asset management to avoid any conflicts of interest and ensure that all decisions are made with the best interests of the beneficiaries in mind.
  • Audits and Controls: Establishing robust internal controls and undergoing regular audits to verify the accuracy of financial information and the effectiveness of asset management practices.

Adhering to these principles ensures that nonprofits not only meet legal and ethical standards but also optimize their resources to make a lasting impact. This trust, built through transparency and accountability, is crucial for maintaining public support and securing future funding.

Financial Reporting and Compliance

Importance of Accurate Financial Reporting

Accurate financial reporting is critical in the nonprofit sector for several reasons. It provides a clear picture of the organization’s financial health and effectiveness, ensuring that stakeholders, including donors, grantmakers, and regulatory bodies, can make informed decisions. Accurate reporting helps maintain donor confidence and supports fundraising efforts by demonstrating responsible management of funds. Additionally, it facilitates strategic planning and decision-making within the organization by providing reliable data on its financial status and resource allocation.

Common Accounting Standards and Practices in Nonprofits

Nonprofits adhere to specific accounting standards and practices that address the unique aspects of financial reporting in the sector. The most significant standards are set by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), which include:

  • FASB ASC 958 (formerly SFAS 116 and 117): This standard guides how nonprofits recognize revenue from donations, grants, and other support. It also outlines how to report on net assets and functional expenses.
  • Presentation of Financial Statements: Nonprofits must present three classes of net assets — without donor restrictions, with donor restrictions, and permanently restricted — in their financial statements to show the nature and amounts of their available resources.
  • Expense Reporting: Nonprofits are required to report expenses by both nature and function, which helps demonstrate how resources are used toward program services versus administrative or fundraising costs.
  • Fair Value Measurement: Nonprofits must measure and report certain assets and liabilities at fair value, ensuring transparency in the valuation of their financial instruments.

Compliance Requirements Specific to Nonprofit Asset Management

Compliance in nonprofit asset management involves adhering to a complex array of regulations and standards designed to ensure the ethical and effective use of resources. Key compliance requirements include:

  • Internal Controls: Establishing strong internal controls over financial reporting and asset management to prevent errors and fraud. This includes having clear policies for asset use, procurement, and disposal.
  • Donor Restrictions: Strictly following donor-imposed restrictions on how specific funds and assets can be used, and accurately reporting these restrictions in financial statements.
  • Audit Requirements: Many states require nonprofits to undergo independent audits if they exceed certain revenue thresholds. These audits must be performed in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and are critical for maintaining compliance and transparency.
  • IRS Regulations: Complying with IRS regulations, including those related to maintaining tax-exempt status and reporting unrelated business income tax (UBIT) if applicable.
  • State and Local Laws: Adhering to specific state and local regulations related to charitable solicitation, registration, and reporting. These laws vary significantly across jurisdictions and can impact financial reporting and asset management practices.

By maintaining rigorous standards in financial reporting and compliance, nonprofits not only fulfill their legal obligations but also enhance their operational transparency and integrity, crucial for securing ongoing support and achieving long-term sustainability.

Role of Technology in Asset Management

Impact of Digital Tools and Software on Asset Management

The incorporation of digital tools and software has transformed asset management within nonprofits, providing enhanced capabilities for tracking, managing, and reporting on assets more efficiently and accurately. Technology facilitates better data collection and analysis, enabling more strategic decision-making and improved oversight of resources. Automation of routine tasks reduces the risk of human error and frees up staff time for more value-added activities, such as strategic planning and donor engagement.

Examples of Technology Solutions for Nonprofits

Several technology solutions are specifically tailored to meet the needs of nonprofit organizations in managing their assets:

  • Financial Management Software: Tools like QuickBooks Nonprofit, Sage Intacct, and Blackbaud Financial Edge NXT offer robust accounting features designed to handle fund accounting, grant tracking, and compliance management.
  • Donor Management Systems: Platforms such as Salesforce Nonprofit Cloud and Blackbaud Raiser’s Edge NXT help manage donor relationships and track donations, pledges, and grants, ensuring that funds are allocated and used in accordance with donor intentions.
  • Asset Tracking Software: Solutions like Asset Panda and WASP provide capabilities to track the usage, maintenance, and depreciation of physical assets, from office equipment to vehicles, ensuring that nonprofits maximize the value of their resources.
  • Analytics and Reporting Tools: Software like Tableau or Microsoft Power BI can integrate with existing databases to provide advanced analytics and visualization capabilities, helping nonprofits make data-driven decisions.

Benefits of Integrating Technology in Asset Management Processes

The integration of technology into asset management processes offers numerous benefits for nonprofits:

  • Enhanced Accuracy and Efficiency: Automated tools reduce manual data entry and processing errors, leading to more accurate financial reports. Efficiency gains are realized through streamlined processes, allowing staff to focus on core mission activities.
  • Improved Transparency: With better tracking tools and clearer analytics, nonprofits can offer greater transparency to donors, grantmakers, and regulatory bodies, showing exactly how resources are being utilized.
  • Strategic Resource Allocation: Advanced data analytics enable more informed decision-making regarding asset utilization and investment, ensuring that resources are optimally aligned with the organization’s strategic goals.
  • Scalability: Technology solutions can grow with the organization, accommodating new assets, more complex portfolios, and an increasing volume of transactions without a corresponding increase in administrative burden.
  • Cost Savings: Over time, the use of technology can lead to significant cost savings by automating tasks, reducing the need for additional staffing, and minimizing losses from mismanaged assets.

By embracing these technological tools, nonprofit organizations can significantly enhance their asset management practices, leading to better managed and more sustainable operations that are capable of delivering on their mission more effectively.

Strategic Asset Management Techniques

Asset Planning and Investment Strategies Specific to Nonprofits

Nonprofit organizations must adopt asset planning and investment strategies that align with their mission, operational needs, and financial constraints. This involves a strategic approach to both short-term and long-term planning:

  • Diversification of Assets: Nonprofits should consider diversifying their investment portfolios to include a mix of stocks, bonds, and other assets to balance risk and return. This helps ensure financial stability and growth over time.
  • Mission-Related Investments (MRI): Investing in ventures that further the nonprofit’s mission can be a strategic way to use assets to support core objectives while potentially earning a return. For example, a nonprofit focused on homelessness might invest in affordable housing projects.
  • Reserve Funds: Establishing and maintaining reserve funds is crucial for managing cash flow fluctuations and ensuring financial resilience. These funds can be critical in times of unexpected financial challenges.

Managing Restricted and Unrestricted Assets

The management of restricted and unrestricted assets is pivotal in nonprofit asset management due to the differing degrees of flexibility in their use:

  • Restricted Assets: These assets are subject to donor-imposed restrictions and can only be used for specific purposes. Managing these requires strict adherence to the donor’s conditions, accurate tracking of fund usage, and regular reporting to ensure compliance.
  • Unrestricted Assets: These are not bound by donor restrictions and offer greater flexibility in their use. Nonprofits must strategically manage these assets to support general operational needs and to invest in opportunities that advance their mission.
  • Policies and Procedures: Implementing clear policies and procedures for tracking and reporting on the use of both restricted and unrestricted assets is essential. This ensures transparency and maintains donor trust.

Long-Term Sustainability Practices

For nonprofits, ensuring long-term sustainability is about more than just maintaining financial viability; it involves embedding practices that allow the organization to thrive over the long haul:

  • Strategic Budgeting: Long-term financial planning and budgeting are critical, allowing nonprofits to allocate resources effectively and prepare for future needs and opportunities.
  • Investment in Capacity Building: Investing in the organization’s capacity—such as staff training, technology upgrades, and process improvements—is vital for long-term sustainability. These investments help increase efficiency and enhance the nonprofit’s ability to serve its mission.
  • Engagement and Fundraising Strategies: Developing robust engagement and fundraising strategies that cultivate long-term donor relationships and explore diverse funding sources is essential for sustaining income and support.
  • Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Considerations: Integrating ESG principles into asset management decisions can attract socially conscious investors and donors, enhancing the organization’s reputation and appeal.

By applying these strategic asset management techniques, nonprofits can better navigate the complexities of financial management, ensuring that they not only survive but thrive in fulfilling their missions. These strategies are crucial in building a foundation that supports both current operational needs and future aspirations.

Risk Management and Controls

Identifying and Managing Risks Associated with Nonprofit Assets

Effective risk management is crucial for nonprofits to safeguard their assets and ensure their sustainability. The process involves identifying potential risks, assessing their impact, and implementing strategies to mitigate them. Key risks include:

  • Financial Risks: Such as fraud, financial mismanagement, or inadequate cash flow.
  • Operational Risks: Including inefficiencies in asset utilization or disruptions in service delivery.
  • Reputational Risks: Stemming from poor governance or non-compliance with regulations.
  • Compliance Risks: Related to failing to adhere to laws and regulations affecting financial reporting and operations.

To manage these risks, nonprofits should conduct regular risk assessments, develop a risk management plan, and engage all levels of the organization in risk mitigation practices.

Internal Controls and Audit Practices for Asset Management

Internal controls are essential for managing the risks associated with nonprofit assets effectively. These controls help ensure the accuracy of financial reporting, compliance with laws and regulations, and the prevention of fraud. Key components include:

  • Segregation of Duties: Dividing responsibilities among different staff members to prevent errors or misuse of assets.
  • Authorization and Approval Processes: Ensuring that all transactions are approved by designated personnel before they are executed.
  • Regular Audits: Conducting internal and external audits to assess the effectiveness of internal controls and identify areas for improvement.
  • Monitoring and Reporting Systems: Implementing systems that allow for the continuous monitoring of operations and timely reporting of discrepancies.

Role of the CPA in Enhancing Risk Management

Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) play a vital role in enhancing the risk management capabilities of nonprofits. Their expertise in financial management, auditing, and compliance is critical in identifying risks and improving the organization’s internal controls. Specific contributions of CPAs include:

  • Risk Assessment: Assisting nonprofits in identifying financial and operational risks and evaluating the adequacy of existing controls to mitigate these risks.
  • Designing Internal Controls: Helping to design or improve internal control systems that protect assets, ensure the reliability of financial statements, and comply with regulatory requirements.
  • Audit Facilitation: Leading or facilitating both internal and external audits to ensure compliance, accuracy, and completeness of financial reports.
  • Training and Capacity Building: Providing training to nonprofit staff on best practices in risk management and the importance of internal controls.

CPAs also offer strategic advice to nonprofit boards and management on aligning risk management practices with the organization’s mission and objectives. This strategic alignment helps ensure that nonprofits not only manage their risks effectively but also use their resources in the most impactful way possible. By strengthening these areas, CPAs significantly contribute to the long-term stability and success of nonprofit organizations.

Case Studies and Best Practices

Real-World Examples of Effective Asset Management in Nonprofits

1. Habitat for Humanity Habitat for Humanity has effectively managed its assets to support its mission of building affordable homes. The organization leverages both financial and non-financial assets, including donations of land and building materials, to maximize its impact. Strategic partnerships with corporations and other nonprofits have enabled Habitat to access additional resources and expand its reach.

2. The American Red Cross The American Red Cross utilizes a comprehensive asset management strategy that includes robust financial reporting systems and advanced technology for tracking donations and supplies. This approach ensures that resources are readily available in times of disaster, enhancing the organization’s responsiveness and operational efficiency.

3. The Nature Conservancy As a leading conservation organization, The Nature Conservancy (TNC) manages a vast portfolio of land assets. TNC employs a unique asset management approach by using conservation easements, which allow it to protect natural habitats while keeping the land in private hands. This method has proven effective in scaling conservation efforts without the need for extensive capital outlay.

Lessons Learned and Practical Tips for CPAs

From these examples, several key lessons and tips emerge for CPAs working with nonprofit organizations:

1. Understand the Mission

  • Tip: CPAs should fully understand the nonprofit’s mission to align financial strategies and asset management practices with organizational goals. This alignment ensures that every financial decision supports the broader objectives of the nonprofit.

2. Emphasize Transparency and Accountability

  • Tip: Implement rigorous systems for tracking and reporting on asset usage. Transparency not only builds trust with donors and stakeholders but also enhances the organization’s credibility and attractiveness to potential funders.

3. Leverage Technology

  • Tip: Advise nonprofits to invest in technology solutions that improve efficiency in asset management. For example, cloud-based accounting software can provide real-time financial data, helping organizations make informed decisions quickly.

4. Focus on Sustainability

  • Tip: Encourage nonprofits to adopt long-term asset management strategies that prioritize sustainability. This might include setting up endowment funds or investing in resources that provide long-term benefits, such as renewable energy sources.

5. Risk Management

  • Tip: Strengthen the organization’s risk management framework. CPAs should advocate for regular risk assessments and the development of strategies to mitigate identified risks, ensuring the nonprofit’s assets are protected against potential threats.

By integrating these lessons and tips into their practices, CPAs can enhance their effectiveness in advising and supporting nonprofits. Effective asset management not only aids in achieving the current objectives of nonprofit organizations but also secures their ability to serve their missions well into the future.

The Future of Nonprofit Asset Management

Emerging Trends and Challenges

The landscape of nonprofit asset management is continually evolving, influenced by both external economic factors and internal sector-specific trends. Key trends and challenges that will shape the future include:

  • Increased Regulatory Scrutiny: Nonprofits are facing greater scrutiny from regulators, demanding higher standards of transparency and accountability. This trend is likely to persist, necessitating more rigorous financial controls and reporting practices.
  • Technological Advancements: The integration of advanced technologies such as blockchain for donation tracking and artificial intelligence for data analysis is set to transform how nonprofits manage and report on assets.
  • Economic Volatility: Fluctuations in the global economy can impact donor behavior and funding stability, posing challenges for asset management in terms of planning and sustainability.
  • Social Impact Investing: There is a growing trend towards impact investing, where donors and investors expect not just financial returns but also clear, measurable social impacts. This shift requires nonprofits to realign their asset management strategies to meet these dual objectives.
  • Demographic Changes in Donor Bases: As younger generations become more prominent donors, their expectations for digital interaction and social responsibility are influencing how nonprofits manage relationships and assets.

The Evolving Role of CPAs in the Changing Landscape of Nonprofit Management

As the nonprofit sector continues to navigate these emerging trends and challenges, the role of CPAs is also evolving:

  • Strategic Advisors: Beyond traditional accounting, CPAs are increasingly serving as strategic advisors to nonprofits, helping to navigate complex regulatory environments and economic conditions. They are instrumental in crafting strategies that address both financial sustainability and mission effectiveness.
  • Technology Integrators: CPAs need to stay abreast of technological advancements and guide nonprofits in selecting and implementing the most effective tools for asset management and financial reporting.
  • Compliance Experts: With the increase in regulatory demands, CPAs are vital in ensuring that nonprofits adhere to new and existing compliance requirements. Their expertise is crucial in maintaining the integrity of financial reporting and in safeguarding the organization against legal and financial risks.
  • Educators and Capacity Builders: As the financial landscapes of nonprofits grow more complex, CPAs also take on the role of educators, training nonprofit staff and boards in financial literacy, risk management, and strategic financial planning.
  • Impact Measurement Analysts: With the rise of social impact investing, CPAs are also tasked with developing metrics and systems to measure and report on the social impact of nonprofit activities, aligning financial management with outcome-based reporting.

As the needs and expectations of the nonprofit sector continue to evolve, CPAs will play an increasingly critical role in guiding these organizations through the complexities of modern asset management. Their skills in financial management, regulatory compliance, and strategic planning will be indispensable in helping nonprofits adapt to the changing environment, ensuring they not only survive but thrive in fulfilling their missions.

Conclusion

Summary of Key Points

This article has explored the intricacies of asset management within nonprofit organizations, emphasizing the unique financial, operational, and regulatory challenges they face. We’ve covered the essentials from understanding the framework and principles of nonprofit operations, the critical role of accurate financial reporting, and compliance, to strategic asset management techniques and the emerging trends shaping the future of the sector. We have seen how technology plays a pivotal role in enhancing asset management efficiency and transparency, and how CPAs are crucial in navigating these complexities to ensure the sustainability and effectiveness of nonprofits.

Importance of Skilled CPAs in the Nonprofit Sector

The involvement of skilled Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) in the nonprofit sector cannot be overstated. Their expertise in financial reporting, compliance, and strategic financial planning is vital for the sound management of nonprofit assets. CPAs ensure that organizations not only comply with rigorous regulatory standards but also manage their resources in a way that maximizes their impact on the communities they serve. Their strategic guidance is indispensable in aligning financial management with organizational missions, fostering long-term sustainability, and adapting to changing economic and regulatory landscapes.

Call to Action for Ongoing Education and Awareness

Given the evolving nature of asset management and the increasing demands placed on nonprofits, ongoing education and awareness are essential for CPAs and nonprofit managers alike. It is imperative that professionals in the sector commit to continuous learning to keep abreast of the latest developments in financial regulations, technological advancements, and best practices in asset management. Nonprofit organizations and CPAs should engage in regular training and professional development to enhance their skills and understanding of effective nonprofit management.

Moreover, fostering a culture of transparency and continuous improvement will help strengthen the sector’s ability to manage assets wisely and ethically. By staying informed and proactive, CPAs and nonprofit leaders can ensure their organizations remain resilient, adaptable, and aligned with their core missions. Let us move forward with a commitment to excellence, integrity, and a deepened understanding that equips us to meet the challenges and opportunities of managing assets in the nonprofit sector.

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